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This paper attempts to reinterpret asylum theory (1954) propounded by Ortwin Henssler (1923-2017) as a free-space theory of education, as a way of grasping the problematic nature of 'pedagogical protection.' The theoretical potential of Henssler's thought has been more appreciated, accepted, and developed in Japan than in his native Germany. First, I outline Henssler's theory of asylum and show how his theory has been received and developed in Japan, especially in the fields of historical researches. Secondly, I discuss the possibility of reading Henssler's thought of asylum as a theory of 'pedagogical protection.' Thirdly, I consider whether it is possible to interpret 'free space' in education based on the model of asylum. Finally, I delineate some prospects for and challenges involved in connecting the theory of asylum to the theory of education.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to discuss mutual understandings of political issues among students and academics. The aim is to suggest a framework that teachers can use to address politics from both the discipline's and the students' perspectives. Design/methodology/approach: This study is based on semi-structured interviews with twelve students in six upper secondary schools and eight social science academics in Norway and Sweden. Findings: We identified four guiding aspects for defining political issues in social science education to connect disciplinary thinking with students' views of the political. These aspects are: 1) collective, 2) contemporary, 3) conflictual, and 4) contextual. Limitations: This study relied on interviews with a selection of students and academics and what they chose to express. The results may not be applicable to other samples. Implications: The framework presented can be used in social science education to understand and discuss the nature of political issues.

When we considered how current sociopolitical events may impact experiences of girlhood today and remembered our own lived girlhood experiences, we came to the collective realization that we often turned to books as a way to make sense of our liminal experiences during girlhood. Given the sociopolitical moment in which we are living and considerations of the impact historical fiction had on our own navigation of girlhood, our author team wondered how historical fiction texts could help young readers to understand and navigate the liminal experiences of girlhood today. Building from these analyses of connections between the past and present in historical fiction literature, we interrogate girlhood across time to consider what readers might learn about contemporary girlhood from historical texts. Depictions of history often tend to be white-centric and to omit or deemphasize the histories and stories of other communities. Specifically, the lens of new historicism applied to portrayals of girlhood allowed for an examination of these portraits of girlhood in relation to historical context as well as power dynamics. This analysis broadens readers' notions of girlhood, both historically and in the present day, beyond white-centric conceptions.

This paper examines analyses of adolescent romance fiction, highlighting key themes and debates over time. I will argue that contemporary social conditions underline the need to reconsider the value of this genre in the secondary English classroom. However, working effectively with genre literature (including romance) requires educators to diversify reading practices, challenging the dominance of the standard 'class novel' approach. I will describe the integration of a module on teen romance into a literature course for preservice English educators. Finally, focusing on a specific text, "Frankly in Love" by David Yoon, I highlight the skilful way in which authors of contemporary adolescent literature weave multiple perspectives into engaging and nuanced narratives in which characters navigate identities, relationships, and ideas about love.

Based on the potential of educational materials to forge and shape the collective memory, this article analyses the representations of the Francoist Hunger Years (1939-1952) in recent history textbooks for secondary schools by a wide range of publishers. The main thesis of the paper is that while there are textbooks that provide a complex narrative of the hunger experiences, others -- even some of the most recent ones - depict the period in an oversimplified and historiographically outdated way and fail to address various social perspectives. This article also argues that it is possible to detect the persistence of the official Francoist discourse on the years of hunger in some textbooks that continue to implicitly perpetuate the distortion and oblivion the Franco dictatorship tried to impose on the famine.

Histories of creativity have often included discussions of its origins and examined pivotal moments in their societal contexts (Nelson 2010; Simonton 2001; Still & d'Inverno 2016; Wasserman 2012). Some have considered creativity's compromised status among academics and in schools that resulted from divergent notions of what it means to create and interdisciplinary rifts dividing psychology and education (Fannes 2019; Lagemann 2000). In this essay, the authors examine nearly one hundred published research studies on creativity from the Progressive through the postwar era. Their narrative begins in the 1890s with the emergence of modern psychological research on creativity and the movement to establish the K-12 school system in the United States. It ends in the early 1970s, a time when the federal government called on educators to reward "creative or productive thinking" as part of its expanded definition of giftedness (United States Office of Education 1972, 21).

The authors provide the reader an opportunity to see how second-grade children can use a twelfth-century painting as historical evidence to identify transportation modes, economic activities, and cultural features of Bianjing, an ancient Chinese city. They compare Bianjing with their community using modern mapping technology. Through this approach, art, history, geography, economics, technology, and civics are integrated into an engaging inquiry lesson.

In the early 1990s, Dr. O.L. Davis of the University of Texas at Austin sought evacuee teacher and student recollections in England during World War II. The overarching purpose for Davis was to gain an understanding of the effect on schooling and education, specifically as it relates to the curriculum for students. This article continues where he left off and places focus on teacher evacuees. Of the several hundred responses from student evacuees, we utilized ten of the thirty teacher evacuees who responded to Dr. Davis. The purpose in this research endeavor seeks to discover the impact evacuations in England had on teacher evacuee curricular experiences between August of 1939 and May of 1945. Through these stories we discovered how learners, impacted by scarce materials and continuous interruptions to their daily lives, still provided support to the war effort by collecting materials and supplies. Teachers, with numerous duties and large classes, pushed themselves to find learning opportunities for their students on family farms, local ponds, and inside shelters. While traditional subject matter activities were not always possible, teachers utilized what was around them in an effort to build educational experiences like plays, projects, and current event studies. Constant interruption, building changes, and billeting issues made the context in which these teachers found themselves less than ideal. Yet they made the most of their time for the sake of their students' learning.

The study investigates upper secondary school students' use of counterfactual reasoning when engaging in a task concerning historical explanation. The study analyses student answers to a prompt asking them to evaluate the causal importance of a historical actor for a historical event, aiming to characterize the counterfactuals used, as well as applying possible criteria for what can be considered a qualified counterfactual. The criteria for qualification of counterfactuals are based on theoretical proposals about the potential of counterfactuals in relation to historical explanation. The findings indicate that a majority of the students involved use counterfactuals in their reasoning about explanatory importance, most of them employing counterfactual reasoning in relation to the historical actor. The analysis of qualification indicates that student reasoning becomes more qualified when students instead focus on structural factors, include both structures and actors in their counterfactual reasoning, or support their reasoning by making comparisons.

The disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 was a major global historical event of the 20th century that permanently changed the destiny of hundreds of millions of people around the world. It was not a revolution. It was not a transition to democracy. It was not a struggle for decolonization. No one expected a world power like the Soviet Union to disintegrate into 15 autonomous republics. Historians, social science researchers, and other observers of the Soviet Union were all surprised by the sudden collapse of a political system that was sustained for 70 years by a political ideology and which had dominated a significant portion of the global land mass, its people, cultures, and resources. How do we explain the disintegration of a super power? What theories of change may be valid in a case that has no precedent? This paper seeks to explore the causes of the disintegration of the Soviet Union through the formulation and testing of a correlative hypothesis: A strong correlation exists between the break-up of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the disintegration of the Soviet state. This hypothesis is specific, testable, verifiable, and it is supported by historical evidence and events examined in the paper.

Finding a unique way to help students better accept between traditional Chinese Painting and Modern and Contemporary Art is an increasing concern in primary school art teaching. The purpose of this study is to investigate fine art education field according to analyze the current situation of Chinese traditional painting and calligraphy together with Modern and Contemporary Art in the art curriculum of primary schools: shallow embedded curriculum, shortage of Class Hours and relatively simple teaching method. Based on the key competence of the disciplines, it discusses the value of integrating those two in art teaching of primary schools, proposes a Bridge to connect the Chinese painting and calligraphy& Modern and contemporary art and provides a curriculum construction model that connects the artistic language with the concept of disciplines. This study takes the work of artist "A.R.Penck" as the theme, starting from the big idea, looking for basic problems, designing a curriculum with the integration of two kinds of art forms, and teaching practice at The China Soong Ching Ling Science & Culture for Young People. This study not only answers the feasibility of the curriculum construction model but also gives some critical thinking about it.

This article explores the origins of researcher development in British universities. Its principal aim is to provide a coherent, and reasonably succinct, account of the evolution and development of researcher development that is as consistent as possible with what is known about the development of the Western university, the history of the research doctorate and the emergence of the research university. The main conclusion is that the origins of researcher development in the modern university can be found in the philology of the early modern university, which in turn emerged from the accumulation of knowledge in Western Christendom from other places and other times. Other conclusions are that there was little researcher development in the medieval university, and that the 'traditional' model of researcher development, centred on the PhD, is much more recent than is commonly supposed, so that, from a long-term perspective, the 'traditional model' may be but one stage in its continuing development. The article also develops a model that locates researcher development within a series of intellectual contexts: from the research process itself, to the advancement of knowledge more generally, and, finally, to changes in conceptions of knowledge itself.

The Japanese people's understanding of the Fifteen Years War (1931-1945) is still problematic. The problem of the war was commonly solved by transferring responsibility for the war to an obscure subject called the State, and by offering financial compensation to those who were directly affected. However, there has been no in-depth discussion of how the Japanese public's understanding of the war in the period before defeat was modified in the post-war period. This article is a study of the children's magazine "Shonen Kurabu," which gained wide popularity by featuring articles related to war during the early modern era of Japan, including the wartime period, and continued to be published until 1962. By focusing on "Shonen Kurabu," this paper explores the close relationship between the mass media and the public attitude toward war, and the handling of the theme of war by both the media and the public.

The aim of this paper is to present and explain the long and bitter contestation between two poles over the orientation, the aims and the content of education as well as the form of the Greek language to be used in the school textbooks. During the last seventy years (1750-1821) of the Ottoman rule of Greece the poles were cultural but were transformed into mostly social and political after independence (1829). The paper argues that the main reasons of this contestation were their completely opposite views about the historically right cultural future of the reborn nation and the daily widening after independence cultural schism between a highly educated elite and the vast majority of poor and uneducated people as a result of unequal and change-resisting educational provisions. The paper elaborates on the composition, the propositional content, the discursive strategies and the linguistic devices of the two poles.

Although the modern Western concept of childhood is rapidly disappearing in the age of late modernity, this study asserts that childhood (as it is lived) has not disappeared but has been transformed. An integrated approach to childhood is employed in order to go beyond binary oppositions such as the Global North versus the Global South and/or childhood versus childhoods. It is argued that children while constructing their childhoods are confronted with processes of individualisation and globalisation through which new forms of adultization have emerged as concepts of 'child consumerism' and 'child citizenship'. Beyond the opposing views involving the disappearance of childhood or its liberation, this study concludes that the concept of adultization can be used to problematise and analyse childhood in its current state.

The author reviews historical attempts--mostly by European thinkers--to characterize modernity and its relationship to play. He discusses ideas from Friederich Schiller to Brian Sutton-Smith, all to set the ground for a theory of play in the modern world. Emphasizing the ideas of Max Weber--in particular his theory of rationalization and its importance for expressive culture--the author explores the value of rationality to a theory of play. He defines play more broadly than as a pastime and learning aid for children or a rough-and-tumble developmental tool in the evolution of mammals. Instead, he bases it more squarely on his concept of "emotional destinations." In the process, he looks at kinds of play not often considered in play studies, such as professional sports and official festivals, and finds play not just a ubiquitous biological phenomena but also an essential social activity

Leading a team or group is a real skill that takes time, thought, and dedication. Leadership is the most studied aspect of organization because it is the one overarching topic that makes the difference between success and failure. At times it may seem overwhelmingly complex, but by focusing on some fundamentals a team can be led with confidence and skill. The leader of any organization expectedly completes his role which is given by communicating the values of the organization he or she represents. Leadership skills are required by a manger to operate effectively at a strategic level and a successful manager or leader will be able to identify personal as well manage personal leadership development to achieve strategic ambitions where he will be able to evaluate the effectiveness of the leadership plan and promote a healthy and safe environment that supports a culture of quality. Leaders have good impact in our daily lives and futures. In good times and bad, there is always need for strong leadership. The success of a country is determined by the leaders it elects and the leadership characteristics and qualities they possess. How does someone earn the designation of being a great leader? History and current experiences provide guidance on how one might develop the abilities demonstrated by respected leaders. This case study examines the characteristics of and need for leaders in politics, society, religion, economy, and communities. Leadership is focused much more on the individual capability of the leader: "Leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues, and taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential." Thus this paper aims to outline what a leader is, the qualities a proper leader possess, and the effect of leadership in the contemporary world.

Can you make James Joyce's short story "Eveline" contemporary and create a modern short story based on Joyce's work? The purpose of this study was to provide a context to Joyce's short story "Eveline," illustrate the journey of my fiction writing, and expand the conversation on using classical fiction as a guide to modern short story writing. I attempted to create a short story within the spirit of "Eveline," while incorporating modern Irish history within Joyce's form. My story mirrors themes similar to Joyce's: paralysis, what it means to be Irish and the Irish struggle, the meaning of brother, the relatedness of the term "mother" and the depth of family ties between the characters. My story examines two Irish brothers who fight one another in childhood and then fight for the cause of independence. Fate has one brother leaving for a journey to America and one brother staying in Ireland. Sean, the brother who left for America, is a newly retired Green Beret who has been away from Dublin for over twenty years, as the story unfolds during the height of activity of the IRA, and the end of the Vietnam War. Joyce wrote a female protagonist in "Eveline," and I wrote a male protagonist in my story, to give a mirror image approach. The twist at the end of the story, the placing of memorable objects within the text, and the creation of a dying promise to a mother by older brother Patrick, all reflect features of Joycean techniques. Paralysis was a major feature of "Eveline" and I use paralysis in the modern world, in my story, to depict the state of modern warfare, which was just beginning a few years after "Eveline" was published. In this study, I introduced my short story I developed as a result of my training in creative writing at the University of Texas at Dallas. Based on my study and practice of creative writing, performance, and literature, and my background in psychology and history, I used an interdisciplinary approach to creative writing. Using an exhaustive bibliography, I discussed some of the historical background for my fiction, as well as some of the critical sources that shaped my thought process. I made copies of Joyce's story, as well as my own, for each participant to look over and compare at my presentation. I discussed how the readings lead to the first draft, and how the creative process works for me. I illustrated how I used the creative process to write my short story, and what steps other writers can use to create art through classical fiction.

This work presents a new teaching module for understanding the geographical dimensions of historical events in Africa. This case study focuses in particular on the Joola shipwreck in Senegal in order to illustrate geographic areas of study including the rural-urban divide, colonial geopolitics, cultural diversity, and West Africa's physical geography. The main objective is to use a key event in Africa's history in order to highlight the local challenges and complexities of this diverse world region. This project is based upon a 10-month research project in Senegal designed to understand what locals identify as the most important national event of modern times.

The aim of this article is to provide basic geographic background to assist readers in understanding the geography of North Korea. Although few U.S. geographers have traveled to this country, limited information about North Korea can be constructed and compiled. Sources include interviews of South Korean geographers, all volumes of The National Atlas of Korea, United Nations statistics, available Internet maps, and web-based articles from research institutions and news agencies. This team of authors has been involved in the writing, editing, and developing all volumes of The National Atlas of Korea. They hope to provide some of our insight into this nation formally known as The Democratic People's Republic of Korea and commonly known as North Korea. This article contains a small portion of research and is primarily descriptive in nature. The authors, two South Korean geography professors and one U.S. geography professor, did not have the opportunity to travel to North Korea for firsthand fieldwork. Information derived from all volumes of The National Atlas of Korea published by the National Geographic Information Institute, a South Korean Government organization, was based on research performed by South Korea's various ministries such as the Ministry of Unification and also from United Nations statistics. This work also includes analyses of publicly available satellite images. Although the article is not based on actual fieldwork, it represents an attempt to understand the geography of a nation with limited access. It will also introduce possible geopolitical developments and raise spatial thinking questions.

Disciplinary literacy encompasses not only the ability to read the texts of a discipline, but also to engage in the practices and discourse of that discipline. At the center of the discipline of history is inquiry. For these students to move from their ninth grade expectations about history toward the authentic discipline of history, they would need to become increasingly capable readers who could grapple with a wide range of history texts. The authors hypothesize that reading and shared discussion of historical sources can build students' understanding of history as an interpretive enterprise and their ability to engage in historical argumentation. Students argue to make sense of the history texts they are reading and to work out their historical interpretations. As such, we consider these text-based discussions to be incipient historical argumentation. This discourse may serve as the foundation for written argument at a later stage in the process. It is also part of disciplinary literacy. Project READI recognized the central role teachers play in mediating the learning opportunities of students and, thus, invested in developing design partnerships that fostered two-way learning between teachers and researchers. The students experienced the epistemology of history - the limits of the historical record, history as interpretation, history as inquiry, and the relationship of the history they had learned to the present.

Although geographically rooted in the Southern United States, the U.S. poultry industry is best understood in a transnational, or even global, perspective that can be difficult to address in regionally bounded courses. In intellectual terms, the topic straddles a number of historiographic subfields that have steadily grown in recent decades. These include fields like labor and migration, race in the Americas, and animal studies, which have collectively highlighted histories of African Americans' and Latinos' interactions in the United States, animal and human relationships, foodways, agribusiness, and global capitalism more broadly. The production, trade, and consumption of chicken address these themes in ways that are local, comparative, and transnational. Teaching about the poultry industry also pushes students to reflect on a number of complicated political issues in a way that transcends the terms of mainstream political debates, which are often narrow. The most obvious are Latin American immigration to the United States and the plight of organized labor, both of which have particular salience to African American communities in the United States. Additionally, chicken offers students a unique perspective for considering the protracted debates about the proper role that government should play in the economy and society.

Due to its direct approach and its detailed analysis of race, the "A More Perfect Union" (AMPU) speech makes for a likely primary source to be included in a lesson addressing Obama's racial significance. As social studies teacher-educators who draw from critical perspectives on race and racism, the authors hope to see Obama's speech used as a catalyst for nuanced, historicized conversations about race in the United States. The authors argue throughout this paper that the race speech has the pedagogical potential to create such conversations. Instead, we hope to underscore the potential for using Obama's AMPU speech as a vehicle for promoting a rich, nuanced understanding of race in America. We contend that this speech has the potential to foster both productive and unproductive conversations about race, reflecting theories of both racial literacy and racial liberalism. Examining these curricula does, however, provide a snapshot into how the field of education has begun to conceptualize Obama's historical narrative. Racial literacy calls for an intersectional analysis of race alongside other social factors such as class, gender, or geography. These lesson ideas can hopefully serve as a starting point for moving away from racial liberalist interpretations of the "A More Perfect Union" speech and toward developing greater racial literacy through Obama's iconic address.

This paper focuses on the development of history teaching in West Germany from the 1970s onwards. When in the early 1970s the relevance of history -- both as an academic discipline and as a school subject -- was challenged, this led to fierce debates as a multitude of new concepts were being developed. One of these was Annette Kuhn's revolutionary concept of teaching history which immediately came under attack. This debate -- and others -- had far reaching consequences. At first glance it was a debate about how to model objects like the English Revolution in a way to make them suitable for the history classroom. At second glance, however, this debate revolved around fundamental issues like the role of history in school, the relation between social sciences and didactics, and history's relevance for today in general. The debate and its eventual outcome are explained within the framework of Bourdieu's field theory. The study re-examines the consequences of this debate. In discussing alternatives to Kuhn's approach, it shows how debates forced upon traditional history led historians to readdress the essentials of historical thinking and thus to gain new theoretical strength which resulted in a stronger position for history at universities and schools as well as in history didactics. This resulted in a specific construction and role of "Geschichtsdidaktik" in Germany which helps to explain why there is a difference in comparison to other countries.

The two decades following the establishment of the Turkish Republic witnessed the growth of the pervasive fear that vagrant and homeless children and child delinquents presented a threat to the physical, mental, and economic well-being of the nascent Turkish nation. Newspapers of the period regularly touched upon the issue, alerting the public and state officials to the increase in the number of vagrant and homeless children on the streets of Istanbul, and to the crime and other troubles caused by these "küçük sefiller" ("little miserables"), as a deputy from Istanbul called them. The language of these newspaper articles was an amalgam of both humanitarian sentiments such as showing charity and mercy to these groups and fears that necessitated their social and moral control in order that they become re/productive citizens of the new Republic. In this paper, I explore how certain child populations gained visibility and intelligibility during the first few decades of the Turkish Republic. I particularly focus on a modern child rescue institution, "Çocuklari Kurtarma Yurdu," founded in this period as an amalgam of numerous--at times competing--discourses that fixated on the bodies of "street children," a colloquial term that referred to a heterogeneous group of children including child delinquents, vagrant, homeless, and destitute children. The institution blended modern mental hygiene principles derived from psychology/psychiatry with progressive vocational education and humanitarianism, with the ultimate goal of fabricating mentally and physically sound and economically productive republican citizens out of these "abnormal bodies."

The sheer amount of American children's and young adult literature, boasting an outpouring of 5,000 titles every year, often amazes a person who is new to this field. Not only is a large proportion of these books of high printing and binding quality, but, at a quick glance, among them is also a pleasant diversity of genre, format, targeted age level, topic, and style. In this article, the author discusses juvenile books about China and ethnic Chinese and describes an event in modern history--the Sino-Japanese War (1937-45)--and its representation in American youth literature. The author focuses on American juvenile fiction with the Sino-Japanese War as its main setting or subject. With its focus on works of fiction, this article is part of a larger project to study American youth literature about the portion of World War II fought in China. By combing through multiple bibliographies and searching in library catalogs, the author located 28 fiction titles specifically written for a young audience and published in the U.S. (including titles published previously or simultaneously in other countries) from 1937 through 2007 about World War II in China. The author has also included in her study three adult titles which are suggested by the bibliographies she consulted as suitable reading for older young adults. The author discusses the general patterns of these books within the context of social, political, and cultural dynamics in America. (Contains 1 table and 6 notes.)

Secondary school history textbooks in South Korea, Japan, and the United States have long struggled to give meaning and significance to the war waged on the Korean Peninsula between 1950 and 1953. Comparing commonly-used, contemporary history textbooks from each of these three nations, this analysis suggests that students on both sides of the Pacific are more likely exposed to text reflective of their society's dominant orientations toward modern-day, post-Cold War, geopolitical anxieties and arrangements than to any clear narrative of historical significance that explores the varied causes or impact of the war. Such cross-national comparisons can be especially useful for educators interested in helping students construct useful historical narratives or develop more sophisticated causal reasoning about a historically significant conflict that has sometimes been thought of as a "forgotten war." (Contains 41 notes and 1 figure.)

The Holocaust was one of the most significant events of contemporary history and still has great relevance for current times. This paper analyses the portrayal of the Holocaust in secondary education history textbooks in Spain. As this type of research has grown in the international arena, the need to review critically this event in Spanish textbooks has become ever more evident. This paper reviews what has already been written on this subject in the international arena and makes a number of methodological observations both quantitatively and qualitatively. In the review, a number of deficiencies in the representation of the Holocaust were found. This strongly indicates the need to contextualise the study of the Holocaust and frame it within a structural perspective that would account for its multi-causal origin. Attention is also drawn to the need to improve the content, dispel some myths and improve deficiencies identified in textbooks on the subject.

Using a multiple case study design, I examine how public high school students (n = 17) make sense of narratives about defining events with which they have specific heritage connections. Focusing on 3 groups of students (Hmong, Chinese, and Jewish) studying 3 heritage events (respectively, the Vietnam War, Modern China, and the Holocaust), this article addresses the following research question: How do students in public schools construct narratives of those events with which they have a "heritage connection"? Findings indicate that students appreciate, benefit, and learn from the inclusion of heritage histories in their high school classrooms; they can engage in complex historical thinking about subjects that may hold heavy emotional weight; and emotion can facilitate student engagement with heritage histories. Importantly, including these histories in the official knowledge of the classroom legitimated the stories and demonstrated to the students that their own and their families' pasts are an important part of history.